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|common_name = Kalmar Union |continent = Europe |region = Scandinavia |era = Late Middle Ages |status = State union |status_text = Personal union |today = * Denmark : * Faroe Islands : * Greenland * Iceland * Norway * Sweden * Finland : * Åland * United Kingdom : * Shetland : * Orkney * Germany : * Schleswig * Russia : * Karelia | | |year_start = 1397 |year_end = 1523 | |event_start = |date_start = 17 June |event1 = Engelbrekt rebellion |date_event1 = 1434–36 |event2 = Stockholm Bloodbath |date_event2 = November 1520 |event3 = Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden |date_event3 = 6 June 1523 |event4 = the Danish ''Rigsråd'' annexes Norway |date_event4 = 1536 |event_post = Treaty of Kiel |date_post = 14 January 1814 | |p1 = History of Denmark |flag_p1 = State Banner of Denmark (14th Century).svg |p2 = Hereditary Kingdom of Norway |flag_p2 = Oluf Hakonsen.svg |p3 = History of Sweden (800–1521) |flag_p3 = Armoiries Suède moderne.svg |s1 = Denmark–Norway |flag_s1 = Flag of Denmark.svg |s2 = History of Sweden (1523–1611) |flag_s2 = Sweden-Flag-1562.svg |image_flag = |image_coat = Armoiries medievales d Eric de Poméranie 1382-1459.svg |symbol_type = Arms of Eric of Pomerania |flag_type = |image_map = Kalmar Union ca. 1500.svg |image_map_caption = | |common_languages=Official use: Middle Danish, Old Swedish, Renaissance Latin Also spoken: Middle Low German, Finnish, Karelian, Middle Norwegian, Middle Icelandic, Norn, Sami languages, Greenlandic Greenlandic Norse |capital = Copenhagen (from 1443) |religion = Roman Catholicism |government_type = Personal union |title_leader = Regent |leader1 = Margaret I (first) |year_leader1 = 1387–1412 |leader2 = Frederick I (last) |year_leader2 = 1524–33 |currency = Mark, Örtug, Swedish penning |legislature = ''Riksråd'' and ''Herredag'' (one in each kingdom) | |footnote_a = Margaret I ruled Denmark 1387–1412, Norway 1388–1389, and Sweden 1389–1412 |footnote_b = Parts of these countries today, but belonged to the three main countries of the Kalmar Union; Denmark, Norway and Sweden. }} The Kalmar Union or Union of Kalmaris (Danish, Norwegian and (スウェーデン語:Kalmarunionen); (ラテン語:Unio Calmariensis)) was a state that brought together the Scandinavian nations from 1397 to 1523.〔Harald Gustafsson, "A State that Failed?" Scandinavian Journal of History (2006) 32#3 pp 205-220 〕 It was a personal union that joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas dependencies (then including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Northern Isles). The Union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally the countries remained separate sovereign states, but with their domestic and foreign policies being directed by a common monarch. One main impetus for its formation was to block German expansion northward into the Baltic region. The main reason for its failure to survive was the perpetual struggle between the monarch, who wanted a strong unified state, and the Swedish and Danish nobility which did not.〔For a somewhat different view see Steinar Imsen, "The Union of Calmar: Northern Great Power or Northern German Outpost?" in Christopher Ocker, ed. ''Politics and Reformations: Communities, Polities, Nations, and Empires'' (BRILL, 2007) pp 471-72〕 Diverging interests (especially the Swedish nobility's dissatisfaction with the dominant role played by Denmark and Holstein) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper the union in several intervals from the 1430s until its definitive breakup in 1523 when Gustav Vasa became king of Sweden.〔Michael Roberts, ''The Early Vasas. A History of Sweden 1523–1611'' (1968) ch 1〕 Norway continued to remain a part of the realm of Denmark–Norway under the Oldenburg dynasty for nearly three centuries until its dissolution in 1814. In 1397, the land area of the union was as large as 3,000,000 square kilometres under the rule of Margaret I of Denmark.〔http://empires.findthedata.org/q/41/2513/How-large-was-the-Kalmar-Union-at-its-greatest-extent〕 ==Inception== The union was the work of Scandinavian aristocracy wishing to counter the influence of the Hanseatic League. Margaret (1353–1412), a daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark, married King Haakon VI of Norway and Sweden, who was the son of King Magnus IV of Sweden, Norway and Scania. Margaret succeeded in having her son Olav recognized as heir to the throne of Denmark. In 1376 Olav inherited the crown of Denmark from his maternal grandfather as King Oluf III, with his mother as guardian; when Haakon VI died in 1380, Olaf also inherited the crown of Norway. The two kingdoms were united in a personal union under a child king, with the king's mother as his guardian; later, Olav had designs on the throne of Sweden (in opposition to Albert of Mecklenburg) from 1385 until 1387. Olav died in 1387, before he came of age and could take over the government, so Margaret made the Danish Council of the Realm elect her as regent of Denmark, but she did not attempt to assume the title of queen. On 2 February the next year (1388), she was also recognized as regent of Norway. She adopted her sister's grandson Bogislav, a son of Prince Vartislav of Pomerania, and gave him the more Nordic name Erik, and manoeuvred to have the Norwegian Council recognize him as heir to the throne of Norway, in spite of his not being first in the line of succession, and he was installed as king of Norway in 1389, still with Margaret as his guardian. In Sweden, this was a time of conflict between King Albert of Mecklenburg and leaders of the nobility; Albert's enemies in 1388 elected Margaret as regent in the parts of Sweden that they controlled, and promised to assist her in conquering the rest of the country. Their common enemy was the Hanseatic League and the growing German influence over the Scandinavian economy. After Danish and Swedish troops in 1389 defeated the Swedish king, Albert of Mecklenburg, and he subsequently failed to pay the required tribute of 60,000 silver marks within three years after his release,〔 her position in Sweden was secured. The three Nordic kingdoms were united under a common regent, and Margaret promised to protect the political influence and privileges of the nobility under the union; her grandnephew Erik, already king of Norway since 1389, succeeded to the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1396. The Nordic union was in a way formalized on 17 June 1397 by the Treaty of Kalmar, signed in the Swedish castle of Kalmar on Sweden's south-east coast, which in medieval times was close to the Danish border. The treaty stipulated an eternal union of the three realms under one king, who was to be chosen among the sons of the deceased king; they were to be governed separately, together with the respective councils, and according to their ancient laws, but foreign policy was to be conducted by the king. It has been doubted that several of the signatories were personally present (for example, the entire Norwegian "delegation"), and it has been argued that the Treaty was only a draft document; it appears that the treaty was never ratified by "constitutional" bodies of the three kingdoms. The short-term effects of the Treaty were achieved anyway, independently of whether the Treaty was binding or not, because the stipulations as to day-to-day governmental operations were mostly matters which were in the power of the king to decide; moreover, until Eric was deposed in the late 1430s, he made decisions as to each of the kingdoms in accordance with the treaty intentions. Long-term stipulations, such as what should happen when the individual monarch ceases to reign and a new monarch succeeds, were not among those achieved without problems, as subsequent events show during the next 130 years. At each junction, installation of a new monarch tended to mean a break-up of the union for a while, though for the moment, Eric of Pomerania became unanimously the monarch of all three kingdoms. At Kalmar, the 15-year-old Eric of Pomerania was crowned king of all three kingdoms by the archbishops of Denmark and Sweden, but Margaret managed to remain in control until her death in 1412. It is said that contemporaries of the Union would not recognize the historiographic term, "Union of Kalmar"—that they just understood that much of the time, the three kingdoms shared a common king. While the term meaning "Treaty of Kalmar" was known already at the time, the term "Union of Kalmar" cannot be found in any contemporary documents. Presumably, the term union was coined for this only by historians writing centuries later. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kalmar Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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